중국 동북3성의 중·단립종 쌀산업 구조변화와 생산계열화 실태 조사 연구

Abstract

우리나라는 2014년 이후 쌀시장의 관세화 전환을 앞두고 있다. 쌀시장이 관세화로 전환된 이후 가격경쟁력을 갖추고 있는 중국 동북3성의 중·단립종 쌀은 국내 쌀산업에 잠재적 위협요인이다. 관세화를 유예하고 있는 현 상황에서도 동북3성 중·단립종 쌀은 이미 MMA 수입쌀시장의 절반 이상을 차지하고 있다. 동북3성은 중국 최대의 중·단립종 쌀 생산지역이자 수출지역이다. 동북3성에서 생산된 중?단립종 쌀은 상품화율이 매우 높아 중국 남부지역 소비지로 유통되거나 한국, 일본 등지로 수출되고 있다. 중국 소비자의 소득증가로 소득탄력성이 큰 중·단립종 쌀에 대한 수요가 증가하고, 수익성이 높아 동북3성의 중·단립종 쌀 생산이 크게 증가하고 있다. 또한 친환경농업에 유리한 자연환경을 활용하여 고품질의 친환경 쌀 생산에서도 두각을 나타내고 있다.

중국은 영세소농구조의 한계를 극복하고 경쟁력 제고, 품질 향상 및 농가소득 증대를 동시에 추구하는 대안으로 생산계열화를 핵심으로 하는 ‘농업산업화’ 정책을 적극 추진하고 있다. 동북3성의 중·단립종 쌀산업도 ‘농식품기업+생산단지+농가’, ‘농식품기업+농가’ 유형을 주축으로 한 생산계열화를 통해 품질 향상과 경쟁력 제고에 주력하고 있다.

앞으로 우리 쌀산업에 영향을 미칠 것으로 예상되는 동북3성 중·단립종 쌀산업의 변화 동향을 지속적이고 체계적으로 관찰하는 것은 우리의 대응능력을 제고하기 위해 필수적인 과정이라고 할 수 있을 것이다.

이 연구보고서에서는 중국 동북3성 중·단립종 쌀산업의 최근 구조변화 동향과 생산계열화 실태를 조사, 분석하여 우리의 쌀산업 정책에 시사점을 제시하고 있다.

Korea is slated to introduce tariffication on imported rice in 2014. As this is the case, the price-competitive short- and medium-grain rice of Northeast China has become a potential risk factor. In this study, we examine the recent structural transition and production integration of the Japonica rice industry in Northeast China and present policy implication for the Korean rice market. Northeast China is China's largest base for the production and export of short- and medium-grain Japonica rice. Since the commercialization rate of Japonica rice in Northeast China is extremely high, it is sold to consumers in southern regions of China or exported to Korea, Japan and others. The demand for the highly income-elastic Japonica rice is on a rise due to the rise of income of Chinese consumers, and the production concentration of Japonica rice in Northeast China is getting intense owing to high profitability. Also, Northeast China is showing strength in the production of high-quality rice by utilizing its natural environment favorable to environment-friendly agriculture. China is aggressively pushing ahead with an agricultural industrialization policy that focuses on production integration to overcome the shortcomings of poor small farms and raise the quality of rice and their income at the same time. Northeast China is determined to push ahead with the industrialization policy by focusing on improvement of quality and competitiveness through production integration centering around the ‘enterprises+production base+farm household' model or the ‘enterprises+farm household' model. The policy implications we could draw from analyzing the structural shift and production integration of Northeast China's rice industry are as follows: First, Northeast China's rice industry is exerting a growing influence on the Korean market. In order to make a timely forecast and cope with this, it is necessary to build a monitoring system that can collect and analyze various related data. Second, it is necessary to push ahead with a plan to achieve production integration by promoting and supporting various entities involved in the industry-reshaping process. In Korea where food is gaining more importance with respect to government policy, it is necessary to consider the Chinese model of production integration led by agrifood enterprises. Third, it is necessary to set up a rice supply plan and prepare appropriate measures to manage imported rice under the premise that part of the domestic need for rice will be covered by imported rice over the mid-to-long term. In addition, measures to ensure the safety of imported rice should be prepared. Fourth, Northeast China is actively pushing ahead with a plan to integrate the production of eco-friendly, high-quality rice by utilizing the production conditions suitable for eco-friendly agriculture. Therefore, it is important to increase the capacity to cope with the challenges of Northeast China's rice by expanding the project to integrate the production of high-quality rice by rice processing centers (RPCs).