농업부문의 녹색성장 추진전략 개발

Abstract

정부의 ‘저탄소 녹색성장’ 정책에 대응하여 농업부문에서도 생산과 소비에 이르는 전 과정에 걸쳐 저탄소 녹색성장의 환경친화적인 생명산업을 육성하고자 다양한 녹색성장 정책을 추진하고 있다. 친환경농산물 생산 확대, 바이오매스 에너지화 촉진, 녹색기술·장비 보급 확대 등 현재 추진되고 있는 녹색성장 정책에 대한 심층적이고 체계적인 분석은 녹색성장을 보다 효과적으로 추진하는 데 매우 유용하다.

이 보고서는 ｢농업·농촌부문 녹색성장 추진전략 개발(2/2차연도)｣ 연구의 제1세부과제인 ‘농업부문 녹색성장 진단과 평가’ 연구의 최종 결과물이다. 여기에서는 온실가스 배출량 전망, 녹색성장 정책평가, 녹색성장 인지도 조사·분석 등 녹색성장 대내‧외 여건 진단, 생태효율성, 한계감축비용, 녹색생산성, 경제적 효과 등의 실증분석, 국제기구 및 주요국의 농업부문 녹색성장 사례분석, 그리고 녹색성장전략의 우선순위 평가 등을 시도하였다. 이러한 분석결과를 토대로 농업부문 녹색성장 추진전략을 제시하였다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze trends regarding the discussion on green growth in Korea and other countries in terms of an industry in order to present a systematic and effective practical strategy for promoting green growth in agriculture and rural districts. This study has been developed as a two-year project and the first year study has laid emphasis on reviewing the concept of and theories related to green growth, diagnosing conditions in Korea and other countries for green growth, analyzing current green growth, overseas case studies, and policy integration for green growth in the agriculture sector and rural districts. The second year study in 2011 has laid emphasis on generalizing analysis of green growth in agriculture and rural districts, including the analyzing of economical efficiency of green technology, and presenting a practical strategy for green growth including a scheme for policy mix on the basis of priority evaluation of the green growth policy. This report is a combination of the first year study and the second year study. Chapter 1 includes the introduction, which describes the necessity of study and precedent studies, and the method of study. Chapter 2 describes the concept of and theories related to green growth. Chapter 3 diagnoses situations of green growth in agriculture and rural districts in Korea and other countries. Chapter 4 describes analysis of green growth in agriculture and rural districts, including eco-efficiency, marginal abatement cost, green productivity, economical efficiency of green technology and green growth potential in the rural district sector. Chapter 5 presents theories related to and a method of integration and combination of policies for green growth. Chapter 6 examines green growth cases by the international organizations including OECD, UN, FAO, UNESCAP, etc., and major countries including the US, the UK, Australia, Japan and EU. Chapter 7 presents strategies for promoting green growth in agriculture and rural districts, a method of establishing the related strategies, strategic analysis, strategic selection, and implementation of strategies. Chapter 8 presents the summary and conclusion. The major outcomes of this study are as follows. Firstly, the result of evaluating the green growth policy in agriculture shows that green growth measures have been appropriately established but policy program development is not yet satisfactory by which to contribute to achieving tangible outcomes and effectively disseminating green technologies. The result of evaluating and analyzing the green growth policy applicable to rural districts shows that it is necessary to develop policy instruments for specifically implementing projects in detail and to supplement policies and systems related to green growth in rural districts. Secondly, it was shown from the study that green growth in the agricultural field, especially among farmers and agriculture experts, is highly recognized and they positively accept promotion of environmental conservation and economical growth in parallel. They answered that the policy program that should be first promoted is 'promotion of biomass energy' and 'dissemination and expansion of green technology', and presented 'enhanced preventive measures to cope with climate change' and 'further creation of environment-friendly agricultural districts' as major projects. Thirdly, in the result of analyzing eco-efficiency of organic farming and geothermal heat pumps, which are the key project for analysis of green growth in agriculture, it was shown that organic farming was 32.0 higher than conventional farming, and the geothermal heat pumps were 6.6 higher than oil heating facilities. In the result of analyzing technical efficiency of organic rice production households and comparing it with the eco-efficiency index, the groups of high technical efficiency showed high eco-efficiency indexs. In the result of comparing management performance of each eco-efficient farmer group of using geothermal heat pumps, higher eco-efficiency index groups spend less on heating expenses and have increased production values. Fourthly, in the result of analyzing marginal abatement cost of the green growth measures, the most cost-effective technology was geothermal heat pumps, followed by multi-ply insulation curtains, application of LED to perilla, cultivation of green manure crops, biogas plants, etc. Decision of policy priority for the cost-effective measures through analysis of marginal abatement cost implies effective achievement of the target of greenhouse gas abatement in agriculture and rural districts under the conditions of a limited budget. Fifthly, in the result of analyzing green growth using the carbon productivity index, the agricultural sector is a relatively greener industry when compared to other non-agricultural sectors. However, since major contribution to increasing green productivity in agriculture is made by the reduction of amount of nitrogen fertilizers due to the reduced rice cultivation area and increased GDP resulting from increase in pig farming in the livestock sector, it is not highly reasonable to consider it as green growth through the application of low carbon green technology. For future steady green growth in agriculture, the analysis showed the important issues include development of key projects for green growth, e.g., using green technology including reduction of nitrogen fertilizer input per unit area, greenhouse gas abatement technology of ruminant livestock, etc. Sixthly, in the result of analyzing the economical effect of major green technologies, a profit of 573.2 billion won will occur by 2020, and it is predicted that more economic benefits would appear as international oil price rise and the governments put more emphasis on disseminating green technology. However, this result is based on the main assumption that technology development is achieved in the future thereby reducing initial investment costs, and implies precedent technology development for profitability. Seventhly, in the result of derivation using the OECD index frame related to the green growth potential index in rural districts the analysis showed that relatively less urbanized areas including mountainous areas of Gangwon-do and Gyeongsangbuk-do, and some plain areas of Jeonnam and Jeonbuk showed higher green growth potential index which can be generalized into the four categories of 'green production', 'green consumption', 'green resource basis' and 'environmental quality of residents' living'. Eighthly, it was examined that policy integration for green growth in agriculture and rural districts requires reorganization of the policy promotion system, enhancement of connection between budgets and outcome management, establishment of mid- and long-term plans, introduction of a system for environment impact assessment for policies concerning agriculture and rural districts, etc. The policies requiring adjustment between policies for mitigating climate change include a tax exemption oil system, a carbon tax, carbon tax and carbon emission trading, carbon emission trading and energy target management, carbon labeling and subsidies, and carbon labeling by the Ministry of Environment. Ninthly, the result of evaluating the relative importance of green growth policy in agriculture and rural districts by means of AHP analysis showed the climate change mitigation policy ranked in 1st place, the climate change adaptation policy ranked 2nd , and efficient energy-use ranked 3rd place, implying that coping with climate change and energy policies are important. Policy priority for mitigating climate change was market based carbon emission reduction ranked 1st place, emission statistics and construction and operation of a management system ranked 2nd and construction of carbon storage capability on the 3rd place, respectively. Remaining challenges in agriculture include the introduction of programs for improving participation in the climate policy for green growth in agriculture and rural districts, schemes for encouraging farmers to apply green technology, schemes for using new green technology (e.g. supercritical fluid systems), strategic support of the green industry of high eco-efficiency, construction of an environment-friendly agriculture economy system through the value chain, selection of an optimum policy portfolio through policy integration and combination, preparation of conditions for promoting green growth policies, construction of a green resource management system, and improvement of global cooperation through green ODA. The analysis of priority for the green growth policy inventory in agriculture and rural districts showed that higher importance was laid on mitigation of and adaptation to climate change. Therefore, it is necessary to lay great emphasis on the practical strategy to enhance participation in the climate change policy and to achieve tangible outcomes in the short term. In the mid- and long-term, it is necessary to develop and disseminate new green technology, to support the green industry of bright prospect by means of relevant strategies, and to promote these strategies for improving global cooperation through green ODA for spreading the experience of green growth know-how to developing countries. Green growth of the OECD and the green economy of the UN will be a global key agenda for a significant period of time. Therefore, it is expected that effective promotion of complimentary strategies in agriculture will contribute to ensuring future growth power of agriculture. Continuous further study for the key projects presented as practical strategies is required for fulfilling the demand of researching green growth in agriculture and rural districts. In particular, it is required to carry out field study for analyzing bottlenecks of farmers who actually practice green growth and presenting methods of handling them through analysis of green technology and acceptance of related policies in order to improve application of green growth policies and to attain tangible outcomes.

Researchers: Chang-Gil Kim, Hak-Kyun Jeong, and Tae-Hoon Kim E-mail address: changgil@krei.re.kr