농업 생산·경영 구조의 변화와 전망 2000·2005·2010 농업총조사 분석

Abstract

1990년대는 한국 농업의 구조 변화가 본격적으로 진행되는 시기이다. UR 협상의 이행과 함께 세계무역기구(WTO) 출범으로 인하여 시장개방의 효과가 농업구조 변화에 상당한 영향을 미쳤다. 2000년대 접어들면서 거대경제권과 FTA체결, WTO/DDA 협상 등 시장개방속도는 더욱 가속되었다.

농산물시장의 개방은 전업농 중심으로 해당농가의 생산, 경영 구조가 전문화 되면서 시장에 효율적으로 대응할 수 있는 장점이 있는 반면 작부체계의 다양성 저위를 초래함으로써 대내외 환경변화에 효과적으로 대응할 수 없다는 우리 농업의 유기적 적응능력이 감소되는 단점이 있다. 한편 베이비붐 세대의 은퇴와 농업·농촌에서 새로운 가능성을 찾으려는 귀농·귀촌의 급격한 증가, 40~50대의 장년층 인구의 순유입 등 대내외 환경 변화에 반응하는 농업과 농촌에서 새로운 모습이 감지되고 있다.

이러한 농업·농촌구조 변화를 분석하기 위한 자료로 농업총조사 통계가 널리 이용되고 있다. 최근 10년간 2000, 2005, 2010년의 3개 연도에 걸쳐 조사가 실시되어 유익한 정보를 얻을 수 있게 되었다.

이 연구는 2000·2005·2010년도 농업총조사를 이용하여 최근 10년간의 농업구조 변화를 분석하고 이를 토대로 미래를 전망함으로써 관련 정책 및 후속 연구를 위한 기초 자료를 제공하는 데 주된 목적이 있다.

The main objective of this study is to provide fundamental data for related policies and researches and researchers through analysis and to forecast Korean agricultural structure using data sets of Korean agricultural census (1990, 1995 and 2000). Especially, the analysis of farm family member structure, farm labour structure, land use structure, agricultural production structure and farm management structure is a key focus in this study. Korean agricultural census (survey of farm population) is to find a basic structure of the Korean agricultural including farm household, farm population cultivated area, crop harvested area livestock, farm machinery and so on. The type of farm family member and generation are considered in the analysis of farm family member structure. The structure of farm-household, number of farm family members, the farm manager's age will be analyzed. Looking at the age structure of farm population in 2010, the Korea harm-household already belonged to the super aged society. Referring to this aging trend, it is predicted that the proportion of over 64 year-old farmers will be 45% by 2010. In results, the analysis of farm labour structure displays the decreasing trend of farm workers and the aging trend. The study results show that 85 percents of over 50 years old (farm family members) were employed in agriculture and 90 percent of over 60 years old (farm family members) were employed in agriculture in 2010. And another results show that the number of agricultural workers was 1.95 persons (per household on average) among the full-time farm households and 2.16 persons among the part-time farm households. The farm households possessing farming successors accounted for 16.4 percent in 1990. Yet, the figure dropped to 11 percent in 2000. However, successors over 30 years old and women successors increased recently. As for land use structure, the proportion of both the poor and large farm households increased remarkably. In other words, there was a clear distinction between the two groups. And cultivated land was concentrated among the large farm households. That is, the agricultural resources such as cultivated land and livestock have been concentrated among the large farm households. Capital-intensive agriculture such as greenhouse horticulture and livestock have been increasingly dominated by the full-time farm households. With these analytic results, we drew out several significant policy implications and suggested several policies for structural adjustments in the Korean agriculture. Agricultural structure-related policies should be differentiated according to the development types of farm households. To enhance the competitiveness of Korean agriculture and accelerate agricultural restructuring, policy measures should be prepared according to different development types of farm households. However, instead of forcing the measures, the government should propose a variety of programs and let farm households select what they like.

Researchers: Kyeong-Duk Kim, Jeongho Kim, Jongsun Kim e-mail Address: kdkim@krei.re.kr