한국 농어촌 마을의 변화 실태와 중장기 발전 방향(1/5차년도)

Abstract

최근 우리 농어촌 마을은 거시적 여건 및 대내외적 환경 변화로 인구, 사회, 경제 등에 다양한 탈근대적 변화를 겪고 있다. 그러나 농어촌 마을에 대한 실증적이고 체계적인 조사 연구는 앞서 우리 연구원에서 진행한 『한국농촌사회경제의 장기변화와 발전(1985〜2001)』 이라는 장기 조사 연구 이후로는 활발히 이루어지지 못하고 있었다.

이에 우리 연구원에서는 지역에 따라 다양한 형태로 나타나고 있는 농어촌 마을의 변화 실태를 파악하고 장기적인 발전 방향을 제시하고자 5년 단위 마을조사 연구를 시작하였다. 1차년도 연구에 해당하는 올해에는 연구 조사 설계와 농어촌 마을의 전반적인 변화 실태 및 분화 요인을 파악하는 데 초점을 두고, 근교농촌, 도서·어촌을 포함한 다양한 유형의 농어촌 마을을 살펴보는 산학연 협동연구로 진행하였다.

이 보고서에는 전국 단위 분석을 통해 우리나라 농어촌 마을의 지역 간 분화 양상을 살펴보고, 다양한 유형의 마을과 이를 포함한 지역 단위 분석으로 나타난 정책적 시사점을 제시하고 있다.

Background of Research Recently, rural villages in Korea have been differentiated by region according to various factors including the aging of population, urban-to-rural migration, and government projects, and this trend has been more diversified. This study aims to empirically analyze the changes in farming and fishing communities currently postmodernized, forecast their future changes, and accordingly present the policy direction. This research continues for five years, and the first-year study aims to design the whole research and identify the overall situation of changes in rural villages and their factors.

Method of Research This study consists of the literature review, statistical data analysis, and research and analysis of case areas. First, we comprehensively examine the changes in rural villages' functions and in developed nations' farming communities through the literature review. Second, we investigate the changes in rural villages' macroscopic conditions and the recent division among regions in rural areas, based on national data on rural communities. Last, we conduct research on case areas through surveys on heads of villages and on residents' awareness, and analyze overall changes including changes in population, households, community activities, and economic activities.

Research Results and Implications This study drew several implications from the comparison of settlement conditions by each type of rural villages. First, even remote regions with low accessibility to metropolitan cities have a possibility of seeking new vitality, different from the past. Second, the stronger an area's agricultural base is, the slower its changes such as the inflow of the outside population are. Third, a significant number of myeon (township) regions with myeon offices do not show actual differences in population changes or community vitalization from villages around them. Last, people who returned to farming and rural areas are very different in their participation in community activities or their values, especially according to the time of settlement. Also, their existence is a key variable in the vitalization of a village. Among the factors in changes in and vitalization of rural villages, the results of the case research on the six items, including 1) the influx of the urban population, 2) the income base, 3) village accessibility, 4) village leaders' capacity, 5) capabilities for community activities, and 6) government-supported projects, are as follows. Although the location factor such as accessibility to large cities still has a big influence, microscopic factors in rural villages are also important. Amenity factors like the income base and the environment, and social factors, including village leaders' and residents' community capacity and village traditions, work complexly, dividing villages even in the same area into various groups. In addition, the effective utilization of external resources such as government-supported projects and networks in/outside a region also affect the vitalization of the village. Further, rural communities are expected to be more diversified in the future with great effects of a variable of the influx of people who return to farming and rural areas.

Researchers: Seong Jooin, Park Daeshik, Jeong Eunmee, and Min Kyungchan Research period: 2015. 1. ~ 2015. 12. E-mail address: jiseong@krei.re.kr